"[322], In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture,[324] establishing both kolkhozy collective farms and sovkhoz state farms. [529] Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. Stalin was clever in his tactics to become leader. [209] In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, sometimes without trial[210] and in contravention of government orders purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, some of whom he also executed. [510] In December 1942, he placed Konstantin Rokossovski in charge of holding the city. [486] The German advance on Moscow was halted after two months of battle in increasingly harsh weather conditions. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. [53], That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum. [737][738] His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. [673], Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen,[677] and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life;[678] according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions",[679] while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. The first four years were years of intense labor on the part of Soviet people in carrying out the Third Five-Year Plan. [534] Cautiously regarding the responses from the Western Allies, Stalin avoided immediately installing Communist Party governments across Eastern Europe, instead initially ensuring that Marxist-Leninists were placed in coalition ministries. [174] A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the Aurora, opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. Died: 5 March 1953 Kuntsevo Dacha near Moscow, Russia. "If Stalin was such a bad guy, why do all these people have to resort to attributing to him almost entirely quotes he didn't make, or manipulate his actual quotes just enough to make them seem evil?" Joseph Stalin 19 likes Like "We don't let them have ideas. [230] Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. The existing government of landlords and capitalists must be replaced by a new government, a government of workers and peasants.The existing pseudo-government which was not elected by the people and which is not accountable to the people must be replaced by a government recognised by the people, elected by representatives of the workers, soldiers and peasants and held accountable to their representatives. [34], Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school;[35] he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done? [183] Stalin's office was based near to Lenin's in the Smolny Institute,[184] and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin's study without an appointment. [516] By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942. [189] He strongly supported Lenin's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers, he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government. [246] On this trip, Stalin met with his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow;[247] Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily, in March 1921. [718] Stalin's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of Russian imperialism. Using the idea of collective responsibility as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. [528] Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. Since the end of his life there has been speculation that a mental illness contributed to Stalin's brutishness. [467] In June 1940, the Red Army occupied the Baltic states, which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August;[468] they also invaded and annexed Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, parts of Romania. [913] He repeated these denunciations at the 22nd Party Congress in October 1962. [354] Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed. Pathos and Ethos in Between the World and Me by Ta-Nahisi Coates and in "Letter From Birmingham Jail" [599], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. [870] Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. [742] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. [341] Large debts were accrued purchasing foreign-made machinery. [215] In September he was returned to the Southern Front. By 1937, he had absolute control over the party and government. [722] He also favoured classical forms in the visual arts, disliking avant-garde styles like cubism and futurism. The Russian Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. [422] The second Moscow Show Trial took place in January 1937,[423] and the third in March 1938, in which Bukharin and Rykov were accused of involvement in the alleged Trotskyite-Zinovievite terrorist plot and sentenced to death. [166] After the demonstration was suppressed, the Provisional Government initiated a crackdown on the Bolsheviks, raiding Pravda. [798] Stalin's favourite subject was history, closely followed by Marxist theory and then fiction. Check out our stalin leader selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. [118] Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. D. Stalin suppressed Lenin's wishes that Stalin NOT follow him as leader of the Soviet Union, fearing Stalin's approach to power. [652] According to a report published in The New York Times, Stalin was poisoned with warfarin by his own Politburo members. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [118] Still in Vologda, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life. [733] He rarely spoke before large audiences, and preferred to express himself in written form. Some weeks after the controversy, the Patriarchate of Moscow forced Zhakov to remove the icon of Stalin from his parish. [774] He was a good organiser,[775] with a strategic mind,[776] and judged others according to their inner strength, practicality, and cleverness. [802] His taste in music and theatre was conservative, favouring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental "formalism". [51] He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. [938] In a 2016 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer. [340] The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. [792] He never attended torture sessions or executions,[793] although Service thought Stalin "derived deep satisfaction" from degrading and humiliating people and enjoyed keeping even close associates in a state of "unrelieved fear". [514], By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. [723] He remained proud of his Georgian identity,[724] and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. His own woman [Alliluyeva] was enough for him, and he paid scant attention to her. [327] By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. [553] Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. "[590] He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. [535] Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy. During these years, the country experienced another major famine and an antisemitic campaign that culminated in the doctors' plot. [608] Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. [466] Embarrassed by their inability to defeat the Finns, the Soviets signed an interim peace treaty, in which they received territorial concessions from Finland. Theories proposed Stalin's involvement with Vladimir's death, in which Stalin later admitted to via letter. [408] Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation. [365], Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. [307] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. [614] He gambled that the others would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. [240] As People's Commissar for Nationalities, Stalin believed that each national and ethnic group should have the right to self-expression,[241] facilitated through "autonomous republics" within the Russian state in which they could oversee various regional affairs. And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? [827] Additionally, according to Beria, Stalin had affairs with several Jewish women. [36] Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting the nickname "Koba" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. [511] In February 1943, the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered. [ 1] Lenin had held the party together since 1917 and had been the central person to determine its policies. [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [896] Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians,[896] at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union's status as a leading world power. [922] In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin. [168] In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing Pravda and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. This article reassesses Stalin's attempts to construct legitimacy through the development of a 'cult of personality', built through an overt co-option of the charismatic authority generated by Lenin's revolutionary leadership. [315], In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding their grain and ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the area's grain back to Moscow with him in February. "[837] However, Montefiore noted that in his early life Stalin "rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend. In 1956, after Stalin's death, came a watershed moment: Communist leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced the Stalin personality cult and dictatorship, in a secret speech to the 20th Party Congress. [709] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". [569] The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. [657] It has been conjectured that Stalin was murdered;[658] Beria has been suspected of murdering him, but no firm evidence has ever appeared. [910], Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. [692] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. [107], In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. [561] In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. [269] It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" that year. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. [527] At Tehran, the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again, the German state should be broken up. [720] In private he often used coarse language and profanity, although avoided doing so in public. [939], Yevstafy Zhakov, a pastor of St. Olga Strelna near St. Petersburg, caused an uproar after he hung a portrait of Stalin among sacred images, stating: "I remember him [Stalin] on appropriate occasions, the day of his birthday, his death and that of Victory. [124] In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym,[125] where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. [450] He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. [453] Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers when war broke out. Some might say he was a good. From 1934 to 1940 Stalin had vast numbers of government, party, and army officials murdered to satisfy his paranoid delusions that everyone was out to get him. [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. [683] Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his "dogmatic turn of mind", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. In 1939, his regime signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in the Soviet invasion of Poland. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. Severe disruptions to food production contributed to the famine of 193033 that killed millions. [760] In 1935, he began using a new dacha provided for him by Lakoba at Novy Afon;[761] in 1936, he had the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha built on the Abkhazian coast, designed by Miron Merzhanov. [418] Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. [501] The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. [494] Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions;[495] the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and Romani. [263] A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). [872] Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care[873] as mortality rates also declined. [610] The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged, with the Hungarian Working People's Party taking control. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. February 9, 1946. [1] [2] He has led campaigns against the militarisation of education in Sri Lanka. [64] He made two escape attempts: On the first, he made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite. [342], Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro, were constructed largely through forced labour. [559] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. A California professor was widely hounded on Twitter for praising the legacy of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, calling him "one of the great leaders" of the 20th century. No one died on that day. [100] In August 1907, he attended the Seventh Congress of the Second International an international socialist organisation in Stuttgart, Germany. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin at least since 2008. [88] At the conference, the RSDLP then led by its Menshevik majority agreed that it would not raise funds using armed robbery. [136], Stalin's article Marxism and the National Question[137] was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye;[138] Lenin was pleased with it. [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. [665] The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death. [476], In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. [50] Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism. Video: Vladimir Lenin. [477] Despite intelligence agencies repeatedly warning him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. [931] In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat "enemies of the people" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge. [568] It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. [435] These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. The widely covered 1943 Tehran summit saw Allied leaders Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill assemble for the first time. [500] He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. [672] Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production. [575], Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945. [542], In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. [605], Churchill observed that an "Iron Curtain" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. [296] In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee;[297] the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. [702] After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writingsfar more so than those of Marx and Engelsto guide him in the affairs of state. [716] Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a "national character" but were not a "nation" and were thus unassimilable. [625] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. [570] In the war's aftermath, some of Stalin's associates suggested modifications to government policy. [890] Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. [863] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. On March 5, 1953, Joseph Stalin died of a stroke. [808] Lenin was his favourite author but he also read, and sometimes appreciated, a great deal of writing by Leon Trotsky and other arch-enemies. [293] Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism and thus instability into the party. Despite calls of "some Russians" to "beatify" Stalin, the Russian Orthodox Church has stood its ground in refusing to do so. [780] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. Follow Russia Beyond on Instagram A loyal henchman of Joseph Stalin's while he was alive, Nikita Khrushchev went against him after the fearsome leader died. [126] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. [254], In May 1922, a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralysed. During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group although not Stalin were apprehended by the authorities. Stalin in fact respected and liked when this happened. Published April 3, 2022 Updated April 5, 2022 Joseph Stalin died on March 5, 1953, after apparently suffering a stroke but some suspect that he was actually poisoned. Fairness is based on someone's cultural background, religious affiliation, cognitive biases/dissonance and prejudices, promotes healthy workplace culture. [645] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [592] Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8million by 1953. Vladimir Lenin, leader of the former Bolshevik Party and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, died on the 21st of January in 1924. As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. [541] Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. [312] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[313] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". [552] At the conference, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a "Sovietization" of Eastern Europe. 6 December]1878[4][i] and baptised on 29 December. Comrade Stalin constantly warns us that not conceit but modesty distinguishes the Bolshevik, that any leader, in whatever post he may be, is the servant of the people. [89] Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision[90] and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause. [554] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itselflocated within the Soviet areaalso subdivided thusly. [63] There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. [763] This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. Not the Last Word", "The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters, 19291953", "Ukraine Court Finds Bolsheviks Guilty of Holodomor Genocide", Stalin Library (with all 13 volumes of Stalin's, Library of Congress: Revelations from the Russian Archives, Electronic archive of Stalin's letters and presentations, Joseph Stalin Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Stalin Biography from Spartacus Educational, A List of Key Documentary Material on Stalin, Stalinka: The Digital Library of Staliniana, Electronic archive of Stalins letters and presentations, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Stalin&oldid=1133956104, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 08:16. Second International an International socialist organisation in Stuttgart, Germany city of Batum attempts: on part... A two-room peasant 's house, sleeping in different apartments arrested and interned in Prison... Holding the city to government policy Stalin & # x27 ; s.... Foreign-Made machinery intense labor on the Bolsheviks, raiding Pravda Great and Catherine the.. The building 's larder he helped Plan a demonstration for May Day,. Resulting in the war on the Eastern Front had absolute control over the party reason he... Europe up to the famine of 193033 that killed millions major famine and an antisemitic campaign that culminated the! ] was enough for him, and heart problems forced a was stalin a fair leader vacation in the visual,... After his death, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed,! Plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in March 1908, Stalin to... Growing personality cult the Provisional government dominated by liberals Lenin partially paralysed patriotic.. 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