physiological function dream theory

Control of ventilation during sleep. Plato, despite his logical view of dreams, antecipated by 24 centuries one of the dogmas of psychoanalysis, stating that the dreams with a sexual background, mainly those with an incestuous content, and those in which the dreamer attacked or even killed someone, did, in fact, represent occult wishes that only could be fulfilled without punishment as an oniric experience. These interneurons inhibit motoneurons by means of glycinergic synapses (glycine is a powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter), as shown by Soja et al. Therefore, the wider is the eye rotation, the higher is the recorded potential, which occurs when the eyes are scanning the environment. As such, this explanation may be interpreted as a way of doing something that we should never be allowed to do without paying for it. Nature 1996;383:163-6. Progr Neurobiol 1984;22:241-88. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new Epub 2009 Oct 1. Xerxes, in fact, had discovered an important aspect of dreams but his oracle discarded such an explanation, in favor of the mystic one. If we dream we are walking, the electromyographic recordings from muscles involved in such behavior show quite clearly that they are not able to produce normal movements. During dreaming, however, it is well known that both heart rate and blood pressure undergo short duration increases (as related to the decreased values), which are most likely linked to the oniric behavior. Thomas J, Benoit O. Individualisation d'un sommeil ondes lentes et activit phasique. 19. Considering that desynchronization is predominant all over the cortex in humans and in the frontal cortex of both cats and rats, we consider it to be a phylogenetically more recent functional acquisition. 109. ), Ermdung, Schlaf und Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:173-242. Modifications of recurrent discharge of the alpha motoneurons during sleep. Problems with Physiological function Theory This does It is well known that the noise of an airplane usually does not awake people who live in the neighborhoods of airports but a light door creek may be enough to arouse them, as well as the groan produced by an infant child may arouse the parents, mainly the mother. Klein M, Michel F, Jouvet M. tude polygraphique du sommeil chez les oiseaux. This causes the amygdala and hippocampus to become active, which help to influence the brain systems that control sensations, memories, and emotions. What is the 2017 May 31;2017(1):nix009. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:20-1. Neurosci Conscious. Generally, in humans oniric activity is expressed as eye movements, what is obviously linked to vision as the main human sensory channel. 12. Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. Brain Res Bull 1992;28:479-84. Physiol Behav 1970;5:402-7. 9. By recording potentials from large ensembles of rat hippocampal neurons related to the body position in space (place cells) during behavioral tasks, Wilson & McNaughton (87) found that neurons that fired together when the animals occupied particular locations in the environment (hence the name place cells) also exhibited an increased tendency to fire together during subsequent sleep, in comparison to sleep episodes preceding the behavioral tasks. Doctoral thesis, Federal University of So Paulo, 1995. Vision is our predominant sensory channel, so much so that if we hear a sound we immediately convey the eyes to the source of the sound, trying to identify its origin, even if vision is absent. Neurosc Res 1993;17:181-202. McCarley RW, Nelson JP, Hobson JA. Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R. Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. To discuss this issue we will concentrate only on a few hypotheses. A direct pathway arising in the region of the coeruleus complex that projects to the bulbar medial reticular formation was described by Magoun & Rhines (1946) and does heavily inhibit motoneurons (49). Magoun HW, Rhines R. An inhibitory mechanism in the bulbar reticular formation. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. Changes in neuronal activity in association cortex of the cat in relation to sleep and wakefulness. When the brain stem is transected between the anterior and the posterior colliculi in cats the decerebrate preparation is obtained. Steriade M, McCarley RW. For example, the Muslim physician Ib Sinna, known in Spain as Avicena, considered dreams more or less according to Aristotle's opinion but could not resist to accepting their premonitory character. Decety J, Jeannerod M, Durozard DR, Baveal J. Braz J Med Biol Res 1990;23:617-20. 2011 Dec;20(4):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005. Later, theta waves were also found in rats during both attentive wakefulness and desynchronized sleep (19,30,31,74-76). Activity of the red nucleus during deep, desynchronized sleep in the unrestrained cat. Theta waves, discovered by Jung and Kornmller in 1938 (72), were extensively studied by Green & Arduini (73), who proved they are related to arousal. 116. Behav Brain Res 1997;84:109-16. Maquet et al. In the sixties, Evarts (1964) had also recorded from monkeys high frequency bursts of impulses in the pyramidal tract axons, which may be related to activation of muscles intervening in oniric behaviors expressed as movements (82). Darwin C. The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1969;163:181-6. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. Braun et al. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Clin Chest Med 1985;6:563-75. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. Brain Res 1996;770:192-201. 54. Hansotia P, Broste S, Ruggles K, Wall R, Friske M. Eye movement patterns in REM sleep. Fortunately, thanks to this peculiar incomplete motoneuron inhibition we are able to record movements occurring in both humans and non-human animals and thus infer the presence of dreams. Valle AC, Pellarin L, Timo-Iaria C. Oniric patterns in the rat. Some peculiarities of the dreams of patients with vestibular diseases. In sleep pathology there is a well-known syndrome, expressed as powerful movements during desynchronized sleep. J Sleep Res 1993;2:188-92. As shown in figure 2, information released (by some passive mechanism) or revoked from memory (through some active but entirely unknown mechanism) is combined by processes that may be equivalent to, but different from, those that produce thoughts during wakefulness (21). Vertes & Eastman (88) argue against memory consolidation during sleep, what is in opposition to Wilson & McNaughton's hypothesis (87). In: Klemm, W. R. & Vertes, R. P. Brain Res 1970;19:263-75. Mori S, Matysuyama K, Kohyama J, Kobayashi y, Takakusaki K. Neuronal constituents of postural and locomotor control systems and their interactions in cats. 135. 10. In an extensive review on this subject, Solms (2000) describes a complete cessation of dreaming in patients with posterior cortical or deep bilateral frontal lesions (96). 23. Electrophysiologically, it has been shown that the same type of hippocampal cells that are activated during training in a radial maze are also endogenously reactivated during sleep, which accounts for memory consolidation and for a close correlation between dreams and events preceding sleep (87). Jouvet (12,119), one of the most important researchers on sleep, suggests that dreaming is "a guardian and programmer of the hereditary part of our personality" and as such it plays a role in our general behavior. Heiss W-D, Pawlik G, Herholz K, Wagner R, Weinhard K. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in man during wakefulness, sleep, and dreaming. A theory that has many followers is the one that connects dreams, in particular, desynchronized sleep in general, with memory consolidation. 8600 Rockville Pike 127. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1959;153:1024-8. 95. WebThe leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. This author "thus proposes a psychoanalytical model of dreaming, in which dreams constitute a way of representing the individual's inner world with internal objects related with one another and with the self" (135). (1999) (126,127,129,130). Green JD, Arduini A. Hippocampal activity in arousal. Cole AJ, Saffen DW, Baraban JM, Worley PF. Buchsbaum MS, Gillin JC, Wu J, Hazlett E, Sicotte N, Dupont RM, Bunney WE. 111. The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. The atonia of myoclonia of active (REM) sleep. Ergebn. 2021 Aug 30;24(2):543. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.543. 114. Am J Physiol 1937;118:8-14. In this preparation body temperature is not regulated anymore and the animal has to be artificially warmed at nearly 37C. Recently a more acceptable evidence in favor of the consolidation hypothesis arises from the study of a gene involved in neuronal activation This gene protein, zif-268 (98), binds to a specific DNA molecule present in the promoters of a variety of genes expressed in the nervous system (99) and its up-regulation is thought to initiate a program of gene regulation leading to neuronal plasticity (100). Roberts LA, Higgins MJ, O'Shaughnessy CT, Stone TW, Morris BJ. WebEssentially, during sleep the mind integrates new information acquired during the previous day into memory and processes it by making necessary connections. Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. Such important discoveries were buried by the impact of psychoanalysis, which was created soon after Calkins' work was published. (eds.) Time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. Head jerky movements may reflect vestibular dreams. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are your brains attempts to make sense of random patterns of firing neurons while you slumber. We found that, in the average, during attentive wakefulness heart rate is nearly 320 bpm; in synchronized sleep it decreases to 244 bpm and during phasic movements that unveil oniric activity it increases again. Jouvet and colleagues (1959) soon identified the same phase in cats, naming it paradoxical sleep, inasmuch as the electrophysiological main pattern of this phase in humans resembles that of attentive wakefulness (15). The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. Cravo SLD, Lopes OU, Fraga CAB, Timo-Iaria C. Cardiovascular adjustments to noxious stimulation in decerebrate cats. Lesion of the alpha coeruleus nucleus impairs the tonic motor inhibition; lesion of the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus impairs the phasic motor inhibition (58,59). 74. 2020 Nov 12;11:565694. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.565694. 83. Nature, 2002, submitted. It is interesting to consider that while muscles all over the body are paralyzed during sleep, respiration is little affected, except that some muscles in the upper respiratory airways are inhibited during sleep (44). Analysis of the electro-oscillograms yields extremely relevant information that can be correlated with movements and changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration. Psychophysiology 1968;4:311-23. 79. The authors suggest that such a disturbance of reproduction occurs because desynchronized sleep (and consequently dreaming) was prevented to occur normally in infancy but the functional meaning of this interesting phenomenon. As a matter of fact, manifestations of dreaming have been identified in many species, including chickens, chimpanzees, cats, rats and in some birds. Rapid increase of an immediate early gene messenger RNA in hippocampal neurons by synaptic NMDA receptor activation. Maquet P, Pters J, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Franck G. Nature. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1987;66:383-90. 55. Sleep 1999;22:409-18. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. In humans a dream may be reported and its content can thus be analyzed. J Physiol (Paris) 1984;79:365-74. Oniric behaviors, as any other behavior during wakefulness, comprise two types of identifiable manifestations: motor and vegetative. Mechanism in the bulbar reticular formation discharge of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep ( )... Oniric behaviors, as shown by Soja et al movements, bodily motility and dreaming comprise two types identifiable... 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G, Degueldre c, Luxen a, Franck G. Nature MD,... Heart rate, blood pressure and respiration J Med Biol Res 1990 ; 23:617-20 Man and.! Md 20894, Web Policies Clin Chest Med 1985 ; 6:563-75 by Soja et al J!

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