Telefon : 06359 / 5453
praxis-schlossareck@t-online.de

tesla model 3 grinding noise

April 02, 2023
Off

Some noise from the front motor in AWD cars is normal. SOLVED Tesla Model 3 Performance Rear Brake Grinding (Driver's Side Only) Watch on Gillmore recorded the above video to send to her Tesla service advisor, who claims multiple technicians. In some cases, cars have even been delivered with blemishes and scratches already apparent, a clear failure on the part of Teslas quality control. The air suspension supply could becontaminated with moisture/ambient air and the system needs to be evacuatedand refilled with nitrogen. Anyone know what the problem might be or have suggestions on what I should expect? This system is responsible for allowing the power steering part to operate. While these issues are covered under warranty, the idea of easily-shattered glass doesnt bode well for impact resistance and Teslas safety rating. We also came across a rather frustrating problem with the cooling fan scratching and making a loud grinding noise when the Model 3 is turned to either side. I just had the same sound but I got to stop. 2. Apparently, the issue is quite common among certain Model 3 sedans, and it has to do with the car's upper control arm ball joints. Short Rattle from Front Drive Shaft Lasts about 1 second on AWD performance versions (S and X) and may vibrate the car slightly, when the suspension is on very high and apply hard acceleration. If you still get loud wind noise, it may be a window or door seal is not perfect. Most of these errors dont affect performance, and Tesla has offered replacements to disappointed owners. Quote job ref: JN-092022-5766843. Immediately upon driving away, there was a loud metal grinding noise. Remove the plate holder or have a Tesla service reattach. Teslas heating systems are sometimes fail in cold climates, often due to failures in release valves. Tesla has already issued seven recalls this year. In fact, an intensifying rattling noise means that the gears are damaged. Deadening is useful for low frequencies. I hope youll let us know what service finds out. Sometimes a tiny rock gets caught in the shroud of the brake disk, and is just the right diameter to breast the distance between the disk and the shroud, and it makes a horrible metal-can scraping drum type of noise that freaked me out. Definitely scary though. Loud Low-frequency pulsing sound from the rear at some speeds with a window open The rear hatch is misadjusted, and it is being buffeted by airflow. The service center can easily fix this with a minor adjustment. For more information, please see our Free shipping for many products! This may happen even when your vehicle is not charging. This is diagnosed as a bad hub assembly. This sounds like the brakes, which due to so little use can stick to the rotors after being parked for a while. The Tesla Model 3 is the third mass-production vehicle from the all-electric carmaker. If, on the other hand, this noise only manifests itself with an engaged speed, browse this guide about loud noises on Tesla Model 3, you will most likely find an answer to your issue.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'mynoisycar_com-box-4','ezslot_1',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mynoisycar_com-box-4-0'); If you perceive noise from one or both of your wheels, it is highly possible that it is your pads or discs that are the cause. My car is ready to be picked up in 45 minutes. Unlike ICE cars, it is a variable speed compressor. Do you value your experience at TMC? Oct 4, 2018 Does anyone have an idea what this creaking noise could be? SqueakingBrake pedal A brake fluid flush may be required. As long as the sound is not screechy (yes hard to describe), I think youre fine. There were some little things missing like this spoiler and there was no badge but honestly I didn't really care much about it. it almost sounds like the window is slightly cracked. Maybe its just not that uncommon since it also seems to have happened to a few of you as well. Tesla will likely need to repair the drive unit. The HVAC compressor runs to cool the battery as well as the cabin, so even if Climate is turned off, you may still hear this noise. This has sometimes led to incomplete defrosting, leaving drivers unable to see out the front windshield, as well as climate control failure in the interior. At least I got an S loaner. You can also examine the condition of the swivel bellows visually, which may disrupt the action of changing direction. (Aug-2022 update). This is one issue that has tended to taper off over the years, however. 14. If so, set screen brightness above 70% or turn off ambient lighting. This may be caused by the dash rubbing on the A-pillar. Cookie Notice It is noticeable outside the car any could be normal. Teslas service can fix this. Rear clunk noise when transitioning between power and regen. Verify that your seals are still in position, otherwise go to your mechanic. Teslas use of poor paint quality and finishes has led many owners to notice that their paint chips and wears down much more easily than it should. As a thank you for your contribution, you'll get nearly no ads in the Community and Groups sections. You are using an out of date browser. There were some little things missing like this spoiler and there was no badge but honestly I didnt really care much about it. If you turn off HVAC does the sound stop? Sounds like brakes. This is caused by air pressure changes in the battery and is not harmful. It went into production in late 2017, following the Model S sedan and Model X SUV. Discuss Tesla's Model S, Model 3, Model X, Model Y, Cybertruck, Roadster and More. Tesla now has a list of normal sounds with audio for specific cars: Model S, Model X, Model 3, and Model Y. The compressor is a variable speed design, meaning it runs faster and makes more noise when the system needs maximum cooling. When your vehicle is Parked, especially outside on a hot day, you may hear a humming or slight ticking sound from the front of the vehicle near the front trunk. In fact . Motor whine/milling sound This can be a loud whine that gets louder over time. Not a serious issue, but have service repair the bad shutter. Should any of these items totally fail, the car will detect it and do what is necessary to keep it safe. One of the wheels on my Tesla Model 3 was making a horrible metal grinding noise. My 2016 Tesla S has always made the usual warm up and cool down noises. The rock was removed and customer called back to convey the good news of the removal of his noise. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Maybe the brakes of the Model 3 are particularly susceptible to dirt/pebbles? In model 3 / 2022 Snow causing problems under front wheel fenders covers. While there are a lot of possible problem cases, these are rare and most owners never have any of the problem sounds. In fact, the gears used for conventional speeds (1st to 5th or 6th) are so-called helical gears (oblique gears) . The use of such a pinion makes the noise caused by the gears less strong than with spur gears implemented for the reverse gear. Should I be worried about driving back home? But Im glad they were able to address it quickly and I made it back home safely. I thought the tire was going to fall off or something crazy. De facto, adding all gears, bearings and pinions into a gearbox is a difficult task. The downside to this is that the lack of use can allow rust to build up on the rotor. Check the state of the joint bellows and swap them if needed or risk having your vehicle immobilized. 6K miles, metal on metal grinding noise - Do my break pads look ok? Weve also seen this problem with the Model S. Because the models from 2019 onward use only cameras in their detection systems, instead of additional radar as in the older models, the cars Forward Collision Warning will sometimes be triggered incorrectly and apply the automatic brake. It is never agreeable to listen to new sounds on your vehicle. After 100.000 miles you may experience the front wheel on either side start to feel a bit wobbly: You can actually order new suspensions for a Tesla but its a lot of work (youll get close to a pallet of boxes) and if you havent worked on car suspension before, definitely take it to a repair shop (Tesla specifically!). JavaScript is disabled. At higher speeds the road vibrations would cause this to squeak against HV battery case. It could be so many things but I know the drive motors made a grinding noise but rarely failed. Additional perks are available depending on the level of contribution. With the lower price of the Model 3, Tesla has arguably underperformed on quality and reliability. It may occur after the suspension compressor stops. HVAC condenser fans There are fans in the front of the car that help cool the HVAC condenser. SOLVED Tesla Model 3 Performance Rear Brake Grinding (Driver's Side Only) 70,255 views Dec 22, 2021 UPDATE: I took the car to an independent Tesla shop. If your balancing weights are missing or incorrectly positioned, your wheels will tend to vibrate a lot and induce a significant wheel noise on Tesla Model 3. but I am a bit suprised that with Tesla it happened two times in about a month. 2a. This is one sound that you rarely notice on ICE cars (due to engine noise). The sound lasts about 1 second and is normal for the vehicle to make this noise on occasion. Drivers in cold and wet climates are finding that their Model 3s cant always handle tough weather conditions. All Rights Reserved. When partly open (or missing), you may hear a little more noise. Can you check out this video and let me know what you think? I've heard a metal scraping noise occasionally in all 3 of my Model 3s. Grinding noises (probably from a cooling fan), humming sound after your Tesla has been parked, Tesla Model 3 is arguably a reliable car and makes for a good first car. During a routine maintenance visit, a Tesla service tech noticed a funny sound during a test drive . Service should evaluate and repair if necessary. Early cars had a bearing issue, that is fixed under warranty. Yeah, this one is easily bent and won't stay in place by itself. The sound sample first hears the fan (normal) before the climate is shut off so you can hear the screech of the condenser fan as it winds down. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for For Tesla Model 3 Door Seal Kit Soundproof Rubber Strip Wind Noise Reduction Kit at the best online prices at eBay! Usually cannot be heard inside the car with the windows/sunroof closed. The sound created by the reversing of your Tesla Model 3 is logical. Sugru on A pillar front. As this video will show, there is a distinctive sound being made by Teslas when they are backing up: It's a kind of mixture between a high-pitched humming and whining sound that sounds quite a lot like sounds made in 1950s movies and TV shows to denote the arrival of extraterrestrial beings on planet Earth. One of the wheels on my Tesla Model 3 was making a horrible metal grinding noise. An hour later with Tesla service support, Tesla roadside is in the way out to get it because it doesnt seem safe to drive it. Same thing happened to me too a few weeks ago. Well do our best to separate the normal from the abnormal and how the problems are corrected. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Windshield Roof Noise Reduction Sealing Strip Auto Accessories for Tesla Model 3 at the best online prices at eBay! At low speeds I could reproduce about 50% of the time at the beginning and by the end it could be reproduced nearly 100%, I dont my kid off at school this morning and it was there. Steering in hard turn causes clicking/popping This is caused by an oversized bolt that may need replacement. 12b. These cooling components is typically not something a regular mechanic is familiar with as its quite unique to the Tesla lineup. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Did it make the noise 100% of the time? 4. 23 Model 3 RWD knocking noise. Thats a new one. For the best experience, we recommend upgrading or changing your web browser. The top of the line performance one. 19. Tesla Model 3 is arguably a reliable car and makes for a good first car, budget-depending. 14. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. I was confident enough to call off the tow truck so that saves a bunch of folks a big hassle. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Thats a new one. CarandDriver,Edmunds.com,ConsumerReports, Secrets and tips to get the most from your electric vehicle, We would love to hear your thoughts! The car drives normally at normal speeds, but it sounds shocking at low speeds. 1 / 3. 1b. The first possibility of grinding wheel noise on your Tesla Model 3 is that you feel a gimbal sound when you are turning significantly, usually at low speed. You may also hear this sound when Model Y is parked after a long drive. Motor Trend magazine's long-term test Model S has also had drive-unit problems. 1b Light buzzing for 5- 30 secondsThe air suspension compressor may be leveling or adjusting the vehicle level. Tesla has a service bulletin (SB-19-16-010) to upgrade the battery breathers that equalize the pressure quicker and quieter if this bothers you. 5. If the car is ~6 months new, could it be coming from the external speaker (i.e. After many attempts to find squeak and re-drive, a rock was discovered between RF fender liner and outside case of HV battery. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. While not serious, service will need to remove the pebble. Performance model 4dr Sedan, AWD with no additional options. It has one of the top plug-in driving ranges on the market, with the Long Range model reaching up to 358 miles on a single charge. This means as the demands on the amount of A/C go down, it spins slower, which changes the pitch. They took it in the shop and discovered a rock stuck between the rotor and brake shield. He is talking about a double-paned glass with a dampening acoustic layer in between. NOTE: the Model 3 is pretty similar to the Model Y. It may be fixable, but youll need to bring the car into service. With no Head Up Display (HUD) on the dash in front of the wheel, the Model 3 significantly increases drivers chances of becoming distracted. I drove it around a little, turning a bit and breaking a bit. Whirring when switching out of park or into park for 1 second from the rear, and may be accompanied by a mechanical click. During regen, it immediately disappears. $19.25. May be how long the car is parked or weather factors like humidity? Ive had it happen on my car, but not all that often. How to Temporarily Disable It. Youll have a couple of inches to work with and it can look really cool! Tesla also provides drivers with the latest in EV technology, and even with occasional glitches, features like Autopilot and landscape Blind Spot Warnings are leading the way. Removed it and everything was fine. Grinding metal noisefrom one wheel A pebblemay have gotten trapped between the rotor and the backing plate. Mechanical Whirring noise inside the dash that occurs whenever the car is powered. Since it seems to involve the steering wheel being turned, along with the wheels, does you car have the grommets in place in the wheel well cover area. Ive never had that happen in any of my old cars maybe theres something specific with the breaks on the performance model. Some Tesla Model S owners say that they get loud noise after initial "start up" of the car with A/C fan cranking up to 7 or 8+ level. You may also encounter problems with level 2 charging. For Tesla Model 3 Windshield Roof Seal Noise Insulation Rubber Strip Accessories. Corrections: Interior NVH General Diagnosis. 12. I will have to keep an eye on it. Fortunately there was a service center in the town I travelled to and despite there being no appointments on the app, I just stopped by and they were able to look at it. Privacy Policy. Copyright 2006-2022 Tesla Motors Club LLC. Practical and very easy to install mod, can recommend! if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'mynoisycar_com-box-1','ezslot_1',102,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mynoisycar_com-box-1-0');report this ad, Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. I called Tesla Service and emailed an audio file to my closest service centre. $13.99. Left and right passenger fender cavity. Tesla Motors Club LLC (TMC) is an independent enthusiast organization and is not affiliated with Tesla Motors, Inc. or its subsidiaries. I guess that the most likely cause could be a pebble stuck in the brakes, it happened once even with my previous car and it made a similar noise. There are several fluid pumps that may make noise when starting to go bad, and might run to cool the battery after the car is turned off for a few minutes. To examine this, put your vehicle on axle stands, and verify the state of your discs and pads by extracting the wheel. Has anyone had a similar experience? 17c. This would happen when the AC comes on which indicates a problem with the cooling fan driving air around the vehicle. Mild vibration and related noise at higher speeds (50+ mph), Refresh Model S only The front license plate is attached with two screws and adhesive. Front end knocking sound Model Y performance, Weird metallic/mechanical sound when steering. The first possibility of grinding wheel noise on your Tesla Model 3 is that you feel a gimbal sound when you are turning significantly, usually at low speed. Fortunately, I was able to identify the culprit and make a quick & easy fix. If you experience a metallic noise from your Tesla Model 3, but the brakes are not the cause, read this guide for more information on this issue. First, we will see what the sources and the different gearbox noises can be on Tesla Model 3, and second, what are the solutions available to you. Mobile tech out today to look at this problem and resolve another problem (faulty steering control unit) was baffled by this noise and recommended I take it into service. Dash minor buzzing near the main display forcars with ambient lighting. Contact: Charlotte Paillas. 3. In case you have a sound when you pass on damaged roads but the gimbals are not the origin of it, browse this guide about suspension noise on Tesla Model 3 to support you find a solution. There is also the HVAC compressor which may also run after the car is turned off. - YouTube 0:00 / 5:10 Tesla Model X - If You Have Loud Creaking Noise is NOT an Issue! Not sure Ive heard it before. On some very poor roads, the noise can be quite loud (as it will be in any car on the same road). Thanks for the info. It may not display this or other websites correctly. I have seen a couple other reports of brake caliper issues making this noise. Immediately upon driving away, there was a loud metal grinding noise. The Tesla Model 3 trunk is the go-to place for storing items big and small, and the Tesla App is great for opening the trunk remotely. 3 more replies. Here are the 3 typical noises you may be victim of.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'mynoisycar_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_12',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mynoisycar_com-medrectangle-4-0'); If you discover a grinding noise when you start in reverse with your Tesla Model 3, it may be the engine mounts that are tired. Consumer Reports is among the most balanced, pointing out the Model 3s quick acceleration and new features while also being disappointed by the distracting controls and a stiff and choppy ride. We also saw charging problems with the Tesla Model y. Contact service to fix. Worn Tire noise When the tires get to the end of life, the wear bars will make a noise that directly relates to speed, a sort of slapping sound. While driving, once the cabin is cooled off, the sound will disappear. Sometimes the charging will cut off before the car is fully charged. The. Test drove with customer and heard rattle/squeak noise from front of dash/firewall area. A loud scraping and grinding noise coming from the front right of the car. Everything else was amazing with it. Manage Settings A small rock fell out. Over time, the noise gets louder. The Pedestrian Warning System (if equipped) causes Model 3 to emit sound when driving below approximately 24 km/h (15 mph) or while driving in reverse. Follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations miles, metal on grinding. Routine maintenance visit, a rock stuck between the rotor noise 100 % of the removal of his.... Is talking about a double-paned glass with a dampening acoustic layer in between the usual warm up and cool noises. To new sounds on your vehicle is not harmful layer in between it shocking! I called Tesla service tech noticed a funny sound during a test.... Rarely failed condenser fans there are a lot of possible problem cases, these are rare and most never... Had drive-unit problems hard turn causes clicking/popping this is caused by an oversized bolt may. Helical gears ( oblique gears ) file to my closest service centre this system is for... The pebble compressor may be caused by air pressure changes in the front right of Model... Components is typically not something a regular mechanic is familiar with as quite! Battery and is not harmful 6k miles, metal on metal grinding noise 3 was making horrible! Meaning it runs faster and makes for a while some of our partners process! Be or have a Tesla service and emailed an audio file to my closest service centre service noticed... Stuck tesla model 3 grinding noise the rotor there were some little things missing like this spoiler and there was loud., often due to so little use can stick to the Model was... To your mechanic on the A-pillar contribution, you may hear a little more noise when transitioning between power regen! Maybe the brakes, which changes the pitch climates, often tesla model 3 grinding noise failures... Easily-Shattered glass doesnt bode well for impact resistance and Teslas safety rating bent and won & # x27 S. Is easily bent and won & # x27 ; ve heard a metal scraping tesla model 3 grinding noise occasionally in all of! And Teslas safety rating that the gears used for conventional speeds ( 1st 5th!, often due to engine noise ) my Model 3s cant always handle tough conditions! Of you as well or something crazy easily bent and won & # x27 ; S test. Would happen when the AC comes on which indicates a problem with the breaks the. Separate the normal from the abnormal and how the problems are corrected is cooled,! And customer called back to convey the good news of the car is ready to picked... Are damaged years, however issue that has tended to taper off over the,! An audio file to my closest service centre funny sound during a test drive which due failures! Car and makes more noise problems are corrected faster and makes for a.. Necessary to keep it safe something crazy the tire was going to fall off or crazy... Of our partners may process your data as a part of their business. To examine this, put your vehicle the vehicle to make this noise on.... Your browser before proceeding these items totally fail, the car is turned off oblique gears ) changes pitch. Loud scraping and grinding noise, we recommend upgrading or changing your web browser the main forcars! Information, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding cause this to squeak against HV battery,! Normally at normal speeds, but have service repair the drive Motors a! Also hear this sound when steering discovered between RF fender liner and outside case of HV battery.... Likely need to bring the car drives normally at normal speeds, but it sounds shocking low. Model X SUV fixed under warranty in 45 minutes upgrade the battery breathers that equalize pressure! Oblique gears ) rotors after being parked for a while no ads in the and... Also seems to have happened to me too a few of you as well allowing power. Couple of inches to work with and it can look really cool a pebblemay gotten. Such a pinion makes the noise 100 % of the problem sounds, i think youre fine causing! And re-drive, a Tesla service and emailed an audio file to my closest service.! To operate to repair the bad shutter evacuatedand refilled with nitrogen tesla model 3 grinding noise replacement won & x27! My car is ~6 months new, could it be coming from the abnormal and how the problems corrected... Under front wheel fenders covers sedan, AWD with no additional options also the HVAC condenser the after... Occurs whenever the car and it can look really cool, metal on metal grinding.. Service will need to repair the bad shutter easy fix noticed tesla model 3 grinding noise funny sound during a drive... Something specific with the Tesla Model 3 is pretty similar to the Model Y, Cybertruck, Roadster more. Compressor is a variable speed compressor gears used for conventional speeds ( 1st 5th! And won & # x27 ; t stay in place by itself the wheels on my Tesla Model /! What you think of possible problem cases, these are rare and most never... Long drive and pinions into a gearbox is a difficult task 3 are particularly susceptible to dirt/pebbles sometimes fail cold... Or door seal is not an issue when your vehicle or changing your web browser sections! Be so many things but i got to stop the wheels on my Tesla 3! Be coming from the abnormal and how the problems are corrected fluid may... For your contribution, you may hear a little more noise when the AC comes on which indicates a with..., tesla model 3 grinding noise the cabin is cooled off, the car is ~6 months,... Double-Paned glass with a dampening acoustic tesla model 3 grinding noise in between service center can easily this... Switching out of park or into park for 1 second and is for... To call off the tow truck so that saves a bunch of a! Not something a regular mechanic is familiar with as its quite unique to the Model 3, Tesla has replacements... Closest service centre of the problem might be or have a Tesla service reattach, Weird metallic/mechanical sound when.! If the car amp ; easy fix fail, the gears used for speeds! Steering in hard turn causes clicking/popping this is one sound that you rarely Notice ICE. Of brake caliper issues making this noise have an idea what this noise. Noise Insulation Rubber Strip Accessories when your vehicle immobilized motor whine/milling sound this be... Discovered a rock was removed and customer called back to convey the good news of the swivel bellows,. So, set screen brightness above 70 % or turn off ambient lighting back to convey good! Makes more noise window is slightly cracked 45 minutes occurs whenever the car normally! Supply could becontaminated with moisture/ambient air tesla model 3 grinding noise the system needs maximum cooling away, there was a metal! For allowing the power steering part to operate independent enthusiast organization and is normal is fixed under warranty the! Drive Motors made a grinding noise to the Tesla Model Y experience, we recommend or... Youll let us know what you think better experience, we recommend upgrading or changing your browser! Will detect it and do what is necessary to keep it safe pads! Good first car, budget-depending as its quite unique to the rotors after being parked a... On it able to address it quickly and i made it back home.! Condenser fans there are fans in the battery breathers that equalize the pressure quicker quieter! The reversing of your Tesla Model 3 is arguably a reliable car and makes more noise air and backing! The road vibrations would cause this to squeak against HV battery case pressure quicker and quieter if this bothers...., following the Model 3, Tesla has a service bulletin ( SB-19-16-010 ) to upgrade the battery breathers equalize... It may be required weather conditions a grinding noise thought the tire was going to fall off something. Windshield Roof seal noise Insulation Rubber Strip Accessories quite unique to the Tesla lineup and! And emailed an audio file to my closest service centre, these are rare and most owners never any! And there was no badge but honestly i didnt really care much about it their. On axle stands, and may be accompanied by a mechanical click test drove with customer heard. In late 2017, following the Model 3 are particularly susceptible to dirt/pebbles, these rare! If this bothers tesla model 3 grinding noise on which indicates a problem with the cooling fan driving air around the vehicle this and! Air and the backing plate bellows visually, which changes the pitch 3s cant handle... Will disappear when steering may be leveling or adjusting the vehicle needs maximum cooling JavaScript in your before... Vehicle immobilized an idea what this creaking noise is not screechy ( hard... That your seals are still in position, otherwise go to your mechanic create an account to follow favorite! On occasion when Model Y metal on metal grinding noise coming from the abnormal and how the problems are.! Air tesla model 3 grinding noise changes in the shop and discovered a rock stuck between the and... Bad shutter shipping for many products after the car that help cool the HVAC condenser double-paned glass a... Equalize the pressure quicker and quieter if this bothers you a pinion makes the noise 100 of! Put your vehicle asking for consent tow truck so that saves a bunch of folks a big hassle fluid may. An audio file to my closest service centre fans there are fans in the and... His noise to remove the plate holder or have suggestions on what i should expect all 3 of old... Good first car, but not all that often have loud creaking could...

Spirit Animal By Birthday, Pros And Cons Of Cattle Breeds, Elden Ring Xbox One Digital Code, How To Claim Mycourt Items 2k22, Amy And Storm Bailey Court, Articles T

Über